Multilingual programs, whose implementations use different languages, are gaining popularity, especially in web programming, mobile development, and robotics domains. Undoubtedly, multilingual programming often benefits developers by allowing them to reuse or repackage existing modules written in other languages into new applications.

Unfortunately, a limited understanding of language interoperability can lead to serious vulnerabilities.  Android hybrid apps are a notable example of the multilingual programming model since they merge native app components written in Java/Kotlin with web components like HTML and JavaScript.

Recent studies have shown that hybrid apps suffer from various vulnerabilities, such as information-flow security issues that state-of-the-art analysis techniques could not detect automatically.

JNI apps (Java-C communication) and Jython (Java-python) are other popular multilingual frameworks that have been shown to contain similar issues.